Monsanto's Roundup may be linked to fatal kidney
disease, new study suggests
RT Published time: February 27,
2014 01:20
A farmer tills a rice paddy field on the outskirts of Colombo, Sri Lanka (Reuters / Andrew Caballero-
Reynolds)
A heretofore inexplicable fatal, chronic kidney
disease that has affected poor farming regions around the globe may be linked
to the use of biochemical giant Monsanto’s Roundup herbicide in areas with hard
water, a new study has found.
The new study was published in the
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.
Researchers suggest that Roundup, or
glyphosate, becomes highly toxic to the kidney once mixed with “hard”
water or metals like arsenic and cadmium that often
exist naturally in the soil or are added via fertilizer. Hard water contains
metals like calcium, magnesium, strontium, and iron, among others. On its own,
glyphosate is toxic, but not detrimental enough to eradicate kidney tissue.
The glyphosate molecule was patented as a
herbicide by Monsanto in the early 1970s. The company soon brought glyphosate
to market under the name “Roundup,” which is now the most commonly used
herbicide in the world.
The hypothesis helps explain a global rash of
the mysterious, fatal Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown
etiology (CKDu) that has been found in rice paddy regions of northern
Sri Lanka, for example, or in El Salvador, where CKDu is the second leading
cause of death among males.
Furthermore, the study’s findings explain many
observations associated with the disease, including the linkage between the
consumption of hard water and CKDu, as 96 percent of patients have been found
to have consumed “hard or very hard water for at least five years, from
wells that receive their supply from shallow regolith aquifers.”
The CKDu was discovered in rice
paddy farms in northern Sri Lanka around 20 years ago. The condition has spread
quickly since then and now affects 15 percent of working age people in the
region, or a total of 400,000 patients, the study says. At least 20,000 have
died from CKDu there.
In 2009, the Sri Lankan Ministry of Health
introduced criteria for CKDu. Basically, the Ministry found that CKDu did not
share common risk factors as chronic kidney disease, such as diabetes, high
blood pressure and glomerular nephritis, or inflammation of the kidney.
Based on geographical and socioeconomical
factors associated with CKDu, it was assumed that environmental and
occupational variables would offer clues to the disease’s origins – or in this
case, it came from chemicals.
The new study noted that even the World Health
Organization had found that CKDu is caused by exposure to arsenic, cadmium, and
pesticides, in addition to hard water consumption, low water intake, and
exposure to high temperatures. Yet why that certain area of Sri Lanka and why
the disease didn’t show prior to the mid-1990s was left unanswered.
Researchers point out that political changes in
Sri Lanka in the late 1970s led to the introduction of agrochemicals,
especially in rice farming. They believe that 12 to 15 years of exposure to “low
concentration kidney-damaging compounds” along with their accumulation in
the body led to the appearance of CKDu in the mid-90s.
The incriminating agent, or Compound “X,”
must have certain characteristics, researchers deduced. The compound, they
hypothesized, must be: made of chemicals newly introduced in the last 20 to 30
years; capable of forming stable complexes with hard water; capable of
retaining nephrotoxic metals and delivering them to the kidney; capable of
multiple routes of exposure, such as ingestion, through skin or respiratory
absorption, among other criteria.
These factors pointed to glyphosate,
used in abundance in Sri Lanka. In the study, researchers noted that earlier
studies had shown that typical glyphosate half-life of around 47 days in soil
can increase up to 22 years after forming hard to biodegrade “strong
complexes with metal ions.”
Scientists have derived three ways of exposure
to glyphosate-metal complexes (GMCs): consumption of contaminated hard water,
food, or the complex could be formed directly within circulation with
glyphosate coming from dermal/respiratory route and metals from water and
foods.
Rice farmers, for example, are at high risk of
exposure to GMCs through skin absorption, inhalation, or tainted drinking
water. GMCs seem to evade the normal liver’s detoxification process, thus
damaging kidneys, the study found.
The study also suggests that glyphosate could
be linked to similar epidemics of kidney disease of unknown origin in El
Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and India.
Recent investigations by the Center for Public
Integrity found
that, in the last five years, CKDu is responsible for more deaths in El
Salvador and Nicaragua than diabetes, AIDS, and leukemia combined.
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